The 1999 population census, Kazakhstan is a multi-ethnic country that is home to 130 nationalities living in mutual friendship and cooperation. There are various reasons for this, they are historical, social and political reasons.
Even a few centuries ago, residents who moved voluntarily began to appear in the Kazakh steppe. Russian peasants looking for free land, Kazakhs who were called to protect the borders of the Russian Empire began to settle here. 19th century Some of the Uyghurs and Dungans, who were looking for peace and a safe life, moved from China to the territory of present-day Kazakhstan. Most of the Russian, Ukrainian, Belorussian, Polish, and Bulgarian immigrants with their families and property moved to the Kazakh steppe during the implementation of the Stolypin reforms. </h4>
"XX century Koreans, Germans, Chechens, Ingush, Meskhetian Turks, etc., came to Kazakhstan from the Volga region and the Caucasus in the 30-40s. People's representatives were forcibly deported.
After the war, tens of thousands of people from all regions of the USSR tried to immigrate to Kazakhstan with the aim of "great construction of communism", "development of virgin lands".
On the other hand, almost one and a half million Kazakhs died as a result of the terrible collectivization of Stalinist crime. In 1930-32, 1.3 million Kazakhs emigrated from the USSR to foreign countries without returning. Let me cite two facts that show the tragic nature of the policy of mass punishment for the people of Kazakhstan. In 1930, 5 million 873 thousand people lived in the republic. So many people have been moved here. By 1933, the population decreased to 2 million 493 thousand people.
Kazakhs are not to blame for the fact that the 20th century turned into a century of tragic events that turned Kazakhs into a minority in their homeland. Therefore, those who question the right of this people to the state today do not know or do not want to know the depth of their suffering. I am sure that the Kazakh nation deserves statehood more than any other nation. He is convinced of this with his entire history.
Those who came to our republic against their will are not guilty either. Therefore, the reason for the current emigration lies not only in economic problems, but also in the desire of the descendants of forcibly displaced Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians, Germans and other peoples to return to their historical homeland, to participate in the construction of the national state.
There is such a unique number of nationalities (and at the basis of this lies the misery of many peoples). Kazakhstan did not allow the sad situation of our close neighbors in the CIS countries, which are killing each other. Therefore, I am confident that we will be able to maintain peace and international stability in the country.
I believe that there are three ways to solve the national problem. The first is that some nations forced other peoples to develop the economy, culture, science and knowledge were enriching each other. We should always remember that during the Great Patriotic War, the peoples jointly preserved their freedom and independence, quickly restored the destroyed economy, and went into space. Many prominent representatives of Kazakh science and culture were educated in Russia, Ukraine, and the Baltic States. In addition, during the years of forced deportation, the Kazakh people were helped by Russians, Ukrainians, Koreans, and representatives of many other nations. it is better not to forget that he did not spare.
Kazakhstan's foreign policy is closely connected with domestic issues, including national issues. Among other things, my idea of creating a Eurasian Union aims to solve inter-ethnic and inter-state problems and conflicts in a civilized way. Rudeness should not be allowed. And, the highest duty of a politician is to understand his responsibility for the fate of millions of people who were suddenly scattered to different countries against their will.
Unity of peoples by preserving the political independence and ethnic identity of sovereign states is the only reasonable and civilized way of peaceful development in the Eurasian space.
Thanks to the project of the Eurasian Union, the process of unification in the CIS became more active. You know that at the end of last year, a number of important decisions were made between Russia and Kazakhstan to strengthen good neighborly relations. Ways to solve civil and military cooperation, creation of a single customs space and many other pressing problems have been established. Agreements on the legal status of our citizens permanently residing in both countries, on facilitating the adoption of citizenship, are an important step in line with the principles of the international community and solve the problems faced by ordinary people in a civilized way. Now, every Russian or Kazakhstan citizen can become a citizen of this country according to the complex legal rules upon moving to a new place.
In some measures to strengthen public stability and inter-ethnic harmony, many changes have taken place after the declaration of state sovereignty and independence of Kazakhstan. It was filled with many concrete cases and events that allowed to advance the reform, to overcome the economic crisis, and to gain recognition from the world community. Of course, there are some gaps. But the main thing is that we did not make a mistake in the strategy. This is established in the concept of "ideological unity of society - a condition for the progress of Kazakhstan", which formulates the principles of implementation of state policy in the field of ideology.
Since then, on all aspects of social problems, especially in national politics, state acts should be adopted taking into account the opinions of the assembly and with its direct participation. Each of those acts should be reviewed taking into account the interests of all peoples in the country.
Before we talk about some real problems in the field of international relations and your participation in solving them, I think we should mention two important situations.
Firstly, they often talk and write about the mutual relations between the two nations - Kazakhs and Russians. But in this regard, the interests of the remaining 20 percent of Kazakhstanis are forgotten. It should not be forgotten that Kazakhstan, in the full sense of the word, is a multi-ethnic state. This is not just a public statement, but the truth. That is why it is a very important task for us to preserve the national and cultural values of all peoples living in Kazakhstan - whether they are "small" or "big". Each of them has its own roots, a rich history of the past, great ancestors that we should appreciate.
The state-political, socio-economic reorganization of priorities, which began in 1985, led to the tension of inter-ethnic relations. It was manifested in inter-ethnic conflicts on the territory of the USSR, and in some regions it even reached the point of civil war. The subsequent collapse of the USSR led to the emergence of 15 new states on the world map, most of them based on ethnic principles.
The result of this led to a qualitative reconstruction of the ethno-political conditions of most of the newly emerging states in the space of all post-Soviet territories, characterized by the change of priorities in national politics and the sharp relevance of inter-ethnic relations.
The legal status and social condition of various peoples are changing in the ethno-cultural, political-state, socio-economic spheres of society. It was the disagreement of the elements of the political-state system and the tension of inter-ethnic relations during the Soviet rule that demanded a deep and qualitative change of the mechanisms at the individual, group and, most importantly, inter-ethnic levels. The consequences of this lead to intensive migration processes involving the majority of Soviet peoples. Slavic, Germanic peoples are actively migrating to Russia and the former USSR to foreign countries.
The sovereignty of Kazakhstan was the main factor in the formation of the new migration system. Mass emigration of Slavic and German peoples from Kazakhstan opened the way for socio-economic stagnation in our country. The emigration process has been developing since the first years after the independence of Kazakhstan. In some years, the emigration wave slows down, but does not lose its intensity. In the years after the independence, more than two million Russian people, more than half a million German people, and some other peoples make up the emigration process. It should be noted that the migration process includes all types of migration for more than half of the country's population - from village to city, from district to district, from region to region, from the republic to near and far abroad, etc. taken into account. All this was realized in the context of a one-and-a-half-fold decrease in population growth, and on the contrary, a one-and-a-half-fold increase in human mortality, that is, a five-fold decrease in the total population.
Mass migration of Russian, German and other peoples from the time of independence of Kazakhstan to 1999 led to a decrease from 17-17.5 million to 14.9 million. Due to widespread migration, there is a risk that the population of Kazakhstan will even decrease in the future.
In the years after independence, the ethno-demographic structure of the population of Kazakhstan also changed. With the exception of some ethnic groups, the majority of the population of Kazakhstan decreased sharply between 1989 and 1999, when the census was taken. Russian population from 6,227,549 to 4,479,618 people (28.6%), Ukrainians from 896,240 to 547,052 (38.9%), Germans from 957,518 to 353,441 ( 63.1%), Tatars - from 327,982 to 248,952 (24.1%), Belarusians - from 182,601 to 111,926, Koreans - from 103,315 to 99,657 (63 .1%), Azerbaijanis decreased from 90,083 to 78,295 (13.1%), Poles decreased from 59,956 to 47,297 (21.1%).
The reason for mass migration of peoples from Kazakhstan is not only due to the relevance of inter-ethnic relations. The main reasons for the migration of people from Kazakhstan are the economic crisis, unemployment, the closing of industrial plants and factories, the difficulties of adapting to the market conditions, which lead to deep stress caused by the people of Kazakhstan, as well as the people of other post-Soviet countries, in the process of learning a new political life, etc. Emigration of most of the population, including Germans, Jews, to Germany, Israel, etc. b. implemented according to the state policy of the countries. Analysis of the current situation of the composition of the population of Kazakhstan reveals the following information: Kazakhs (53.4% of the total population) and Russians (30.0%) make up the majority of the population of Kazakhstan. Ukrainians (3.6%), Uzbeks (2.5%), Germans (2.3%), Tatars (1.6%) and Uyghurs (1.4%) come next. The number of Belarusians, Azerbaijanis, Turks, and Koreans makes up 0.7-0.5 of the population of Kazakhstan.
Migration processes have been stable in recent years. As mentioned above, from 1992 to 2001 until the end, the population of the republic was sharply decreasing. Since January 1, 2002, as a result of relative growth of human population, migration of immigrants, decrease of emigration, it has increased until January 1, 2006. Its number reached 15,219.3.
2004 For the first time, a positive balance of external migration of 2.8 thousand people was registered in Kazakhstan, and in 2005, a positive balance of external migration of the population was also observed, amounting to 22.7 thousand people. The main migration flow was between Kazakhstan and Russia, Ukraine and Central Asia, and Germany outside the CIS.
If I focus on the state's policy of maintaining national inter-ethnic harmony, the most difficult period in inter-ethnic relations was the 20th century. It corresponds to the first half of the 90s. This is the period when Kazakhstan gained its independence, and it was during this period that difficult issues such as language, citizenship, and migration were discussed a lot and caused many disputes. It is obvious to everyone that the leadership of Kazakhstan has abandoned extremism in solving the mentioned problems.
It was managed with a conscious and effective policy.
In the way of implementation of these ideas and principles, despite the abundance of his work, the Head of State travels to the districts where unrest and tense situations have been observed, organizes meetings with residents, conducts discussions. Thanks to his activity, in December 1992, representatives of all peoples, political parties and movements, national-cultural centers and religious denominations gathered at the Forum of the Peoples of Kazakhstan. The forum showed that the majority of citizens of the country widely support the idea of unity and civil harmony and fully agree with the policy pursued by the President in this direction. At the same time, it was said that the actions of some internal and external forces, aimed at their political ambitions, aimed at inflaming instability in the country and international misunderstandings in our common home, are a cause of great concern.
Looking to the future with firm confidence, the President analyzes the processes that show the incompleteness of the work done to fully ensure the peace of the people, and emphasizes that there are more mistakes than shortcomings on the way. The president is particularly concerned about the issue of migration. In his opinion, we take a very light view of the problem, saying that the majority of the population will not go into the seriousness of the problem, but feel only today's inconvenience and migrate. According to the president, all of the above is due to the imperfection of the language policy, conflicts in the personnel policy, the educational system, the simple culture of communication, and the simple lack of respect for the individual. The head of state notes that "before the Russian-speaking peoples, in order to create conditions for the development of the Kazakh and other nationalities, a new law on urgent languages should be adopted and the Russian language should not be allowed to be alienated in various ways."
Taiyr Qasymuly
