Thu, 14 May 2026 13:36:09 +0500 The main historical portal of Kazakhstan: a selection of the most interesting historical articles on the site https://e-history.kz/media/images/history_default.png https://e-history.kz/media/images/history_default.png en 60 https://e-history.kz/en https://e-history.kz/en/news/show/50001504 In 2018, an article by Kazakhstani researchers Akbota Tokmurzaeva, Dauletbek Raev, and Laura Abzhaparova titled “Some Theoretical Aspects of Studying the Foreign Policy of the Kazakh Khanate” was published in the Romanian academic journal Astra Salvensis. In their work, scholars from the Abylai Khan Kazakh University of International Relations and World Languages examine how the Kazakh Khanate fit into the global system of international relations, which theories can be applied to analyze its foreign policy, and how the concepts of “national interests” and “national security” manifested in the realities of the medieval steppe.This article is a review of that scholarly work. We will discuss how the researchers interpret the place of the Kazakh Khanate in world history, which philosophical and political concepts they employ, and why the ideas of Hegel, Marx, Morgenthau, and Nazarbayev prove to be surprisingly consonant when it comes to the politics of a nomadic state of the 16th–18th centuries Wed, 29 Apr 2026 17:01:48 +0500 https://e-history.kz/en/news/show/50001451 The name of Academician Satbayev is known to everyone today. "The first academician," "the great scientist"—these words are spoken so frequently that they risk losing their specific meaning. What is the true scale of the legacy left by a man whose contribution to Kazakhstani science is nearly impossible to overstate? Who was Kanysh Satbayev—not as a legend, but as a scientist and a human being? Let us answer these questions through facts—through what has come to be known as the "Satbayev Standard." Wed, 15 Apr 2026 16:33:35 +0500 https://e-history.kz/en/news/show/50000996 The 10th Central Asian Journalism Seminar, themed «Artificial Intelligence and Digital Literacy: New Challenges in the Fight Against Fake Information», was held in Almaty. How is the global community responding to artificial intelligence (AI)? How should existing legislation be changed? How should AI work for the benefit of humanity? These and other topical issues were discussed by seminar participants gathered from across the Central Asian region. Fri, 12 Dec 2025 12:19:29 +0500 https://e-history.kz/en/news/show/50000905 A new archaeological discovery is making headlines: CNN reports that researchers have identified what may be a major Bronze Age urban center on the Kazakh steppe, a settlement known as Semiyarka that challenges long-held assumptions about early urban life in Eurasia. The article details the findings of an international team of archaeologists, highlighting the site’s scale, its architectural features, and emerging evidence of tin-bronze metallurgy. As an online publication committed to presenting historically significant materials in full, Qazaqstan Tarihy is providing the complete article so that readers can examine the research and its implications firsthand. Fri, 21 Nov 2025 14:58:00 +0500 https://e-history.kz/en/news/show/50000871 On November 11, 2025, the Al-Farabi Kazakh National University (KazNU) hosted the opening ceremony for the international event “Arabic Language Week. Central Asia / Kazakhstan.” The event was held within the framework of the Prince Sultan Bin Abdulaziz International Programme for the Arabic Language and was dedicated to the theme: “Peculiarities of Teaching Arabic for Conducting Islamic and Religious Studies.” Wed, 12 Nov 2025 10:02:00 +0500 https://e-history.kz/en/news/show/50000835 The first part of this study traced how the Qing Empire’s legacy has shaped the modern Chinese state’s approach to its Inner Asian borderlands — Manchuria, Inner Mongolia, Tibet, and Xinjiang. These cases demonstrated that the People’s Republic of China inherited not only the territorial extent of the Qing but also its governing principle: formal “autonomy” under firm central control. Across each region, Beijing’s long-term objective has been to transform former imperial peripheries into integral components of a unified national state. This process has combined economic development with demographic engineering, cultural assimilation, and the reinterpretation of imperial expansion as part of an unbroken national history.The second part continues this analysis, focusing on the contemporary transformation of Xinjiang as the culmination of that broader trajectory. Here, the imperial logic of frontier management is updated with twenty-first-century technology and ideological tools. Through mass internment, digital surveillance, and large-scale Han migration, China seeks to “de-ethnicize” and fully integrate the region into its national framework. In Mankoff’s view, Xinjiang represents the final and most intense stage of China’s evolution from empire to nation-state — where historical narratives and modern control mechanisms converge to dissolve the distinct identities that once defined its borderlands. Tue, 04 Nov 2025 09:34:00 +0500 https://e-history.kz/en/news/show/50000792 Central Asia’s long Islamic heritage has profoundly shaped its modern politics. Kathrin Lenz-Raymann emphasizes that history is key to understanding today’s religious policies: for example, modern Uzbekistan celebrates the legacy of Timur even as its official muftiates trace their origins to Soviet institutions. This review follows Lenz-Raymann’s chronological narrative from the first Muslim conquests through tsarist and Soviet rule, highlighting how nomadic and urban traditions, Sufi orders, and official vs. folk Islam interacted. Wed, 22 Oct 2025 17:34:00 +0500 https://e-history.kz/en/news/show/50000789 Since 2014, China’s far-western Xinjiang region has been the site of a sweeping security and assimilation campaign. The government detained Uyghurs, Kazakhs, Kyrgyz, Hui and other Muslims in “reeducation” camps, aiming to secularize and assimilate them and to erase Xinjiang’s distinct past. This crackdown alarmed neighboring Kazakhstan, which shares a long border and 1.6 million ethnic Kazakhs with Xinjiang. Kazakh activists have fled across the border to testify about camp detentions, but Kazakhstan’s government has remained cautious, mindful of deep Chinese investment and key Belt and Road ties.Jeffrey Mankoff argues that China’s policy toward Xinjiang and other Inner Asian borderlands is rooted in historical narratives. Beijing portrays dynastic expansions as part of an unbroken national story: both the Qing dynasty’s conquests and the CCP’s later control are framed as “national reunification,” not foreign colonization. In this view, regions once governed with shifting autonomy are now treated as inseparable parts of a continuous Chinese state. Wed, 22 Oct 2025 13:43:00 +0500 https://e-history.kz/en/news/show/50000758 At the turn of the 20th century, when the Kazakh steppe was gripped by the contradictions of modernity and empire, a quiet thinker from Semey began asking questions that would outlive his time. His name was Shakarim Kudaiberdyuly — a poet, philosopher, and historian who inherited the spiritual legacy of Abay and transformed it into a broader vision of cultural revival. Between the fading light of the Kazakh Khanate and the rising power of Russian colonial rule, Shakarim sought a way to preserve his people’s dignity through knowledge, faith, and history.Unlike many of his contemporaries, Shakarim looked not only to the West but also to the East — to Istanbul, Mecca, and the vast Turkic world that he considered his intellectual homeland. In 1906, he journeyed to the Ottoman capital, studied in its libraries, and returned with a conviction that the Kazakh story was inseparable from the history of the Turkic civilization. Through his writings, he built bridges between Kazakh and Ottoman thought, between the steppe and the world beyond empire.This article is based on the 2018 academic study “Kazakh-Turkish Cultural Relationship of the 20th Century: Through a Scientific Biography and The Works of Shakarim Kudaiberdyuly” by Tursun Khazretali, Yixing Amantai, Girithlioglu Mustafa, Orazkhan Nurlan, and Kamalbek Berkimbaev, published in Astra Salvensis. It revisits that research in accessible form, tracing how Shakarim’s life and works reveal the enduring cultural and intellectual ties between Kazakhstan and the Ottoman-Turkic world. Tue, 14 Oct 2025 16:09:00 +0500 https://e-history.kz/en/news/show/50000698 At the beginning of the 21st century, the United States began to regard Central Asia as a strategically important region due to its post-9/11 focus on combating terrorism and conducting operations in Afghanistan. Kazakhstan, with its vast hydrocarbon reserves combined with its active support for the War on Terror, played a key role in these calculations. As Kazakhstan developed the capabilities of its armed forces, questions emerged in the United States about how, in the foreseeable future, the country would take on a more active role both in counterterrorism operations and in peacekeeping missions. The answers to these questions were published in a monograph by Roger N. McDermott, Honorary Senior Research Fellow in the Department of Politics and International Relations at the University of Kent (UK) and Senior Fellow for Eurasian Military Studies at the Jamestown Foundation (Washington, DC). In his work Kazakhstan’s Defense Policy: An Assessment of the Trends, McDermott examined Kazakhstan’s prospects in light of its 2010 OSCE Chairmanship and, importantly, analyzed the dynamics of the country’s defense policy development from independence up to 2008. The Qazaqstan Tarihy portal reviewed McDermott’s study and summarized its main points. Tue, 30 Sep 2025 18:26:00 +0500 https://e-history.kz/en/news/show/50000695 After a survey of the Semirechiye region in Kazakhstan, in 1990 there was established the Kazakh-American Research Project Inc. – a non-profit California organization located in Berkeley – the main goal of which was to conduct an exchange program with the Institute of History, Archaeology and Ethnography, Academy of Sciences, KazSSR in Alma Ata. The purpose of organization’s first season, 22 April through 2 June 1990, which included ten Americans and Canadians, was to join Kazakh archaeologists at two archaeological sites, to evaluate other excavation sites, and to investigate ethnographical subjects for future studies. “Qazaqstan Tarihy” will report on what the joint Kazakh-American Research Project Inc. spent a whole month doing in the Almaty region in 1990. Tue, 30 Sep 2025 10:29:00 +0500 https://e-history.kz/en/news/show/50000692 In the 1950s, state-run farms in the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic (sovkhozes) expanded dramatically. A 1959 Soviet study of Kazakh agriculture shows that this period saw huge efforts to open new farmland and boost production. Between 1954 and 1956 alone, the USSR brought nearly 36 million hectares of new land into cultivation, of which about 20 million hectares were in Kazakhstan. These new lands were split roughly evenly between state farms and collective farms (kolkhozes). The result was a rapid boom in Kazakhstan’s grain production and farm employment. State farms became a major part of the republic’s economy. By 1956, they employed about 500,000 people – roughly one out of every five workers in the Kazakh SSR. In fact, state farm employment grew over three times faster than industry from 1950 to 1956. The state-farm workforce (nearly half a million by 1956) was the single largest occupation group in the republic. Mon, 29 Sep 2025 17:28:00 +0500 https://e-history.kz/en/news/show/50000622 President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev’s State of the Nation Address to the People of Kazakhstan “Kazakhstan in the Era of Artificial Intelligence: Current Challenges and Solutions through Digital Transformation”. Thu, 11 Sep 2025 12:28:00 +0500 https://e-history.kz/en/news/show/50000535 Abai Qunanbaiuly is renowned worldwide as a great poet, educator, and philosopher whose works remain meaningful to this day. Yet, despite his literary legacy, much about the private life of the founder of Kazakh written literature is not widely known. During a time when polygamy was customary, Abai had three wives — Dilda, Aigerim, and Erkezhan. Although all three were married to him concurrently, they lived in separate villages. His first wife, Dilda, married him when he was just 15 years old. Mon, 18 Aug 2025 11:14:00 +0500 https://e-history.kz/en/news/show/50000509 In 1883, the first modern public library in the city center of Semey, located on the banks of the Irtysh River, was established. The initiative to create the library belonged to Russian political exiles—intellectuals who had been banished to the region. Among the organizers were E. P. Mikhaelis (a close friend of Abai), A. A. Leontiev, N. I. Dolgopolov, P. D. Lobanovsky, Severin, and S. S. Gross. The founding of this library is inseparably linked to the name of Abai Kunanbayev. It is known that the poet spent long hours at the library, often staying there late into the night. Sun, 10 Aug 2025 11:04:00 +0500 https://e-history.kz/en/news/show/50000453 Dr. McDaniel is a historian who specializes in Russia and the Soviet Union with particular emphasis on Central Asia. His research, in large part, focuses on migration and the environment in the region of the Kazakh Steppe. Dr. McDaniel’s first major project – now manuscript in progress – is an analysis of the centrality of horses to the convergence of Russian and Soviet state power with both Slavic settler and indigenous Kazakh societies in the Kazakh Steppe. His research was funded primarily by the US Department of State’s Fulbright-Hays Program, allowing him to conduct archival fieldwork in Almaty, Kazakhstan, and St. Petersburg, Russia over the course of the 2017 calendar year Wed, 30 Jul 2025 11:22:00 +0500 https://e-history.kz/en/news/show/50000422 In the early 20th century, the turmoil of World War I and the Russian Civil War plunged the Kazakh people into one of the most tragic periods of their history. The promise of a new Soviet era, which advertised equality and prosperity for all, quickly soured. Instead of liberation, Moscow launched a brutal campaign of social engineering that aimed to shatter Kazakhstan's national identity, dismantle its traditional way of life, and ultimately decimate its population. Fri, 18 Jul 2025 09:52:00 +0500 https://e-history.kz/en/news/show/50000413 Data about Kazakhs stored in U.S. archives represents a rich and underutilized resource for historians, cultural researchers, policymakers, and the Kazakh people themselves. These archives contain a wide range of materials—from diplomatic correspondence and travel accounts to ethnographic studies and declassified intelligence reports—that shed light on the history, culture, and global perception of the Kazakh people. Wed, 16 Jul 2025 16:12:00 +0500 https://e-history.kz/en/news/show/50000387 This article presents an analysis of a pivotal historical document: a letter from Kenesary Kasymov, the last khan of the Kazakh Steppe, to Russian Emperor Nicholas I in December 1837. Wed, 09 Jul 2025 15:27:00 +0500 https://e-history.kz/en/news/show/50000345 The archaeological and cultural development of ancient Kazakhstan, focusing on three key periods: the Stone Age, the Bronze Age, and the subsequent early nomadic era. Wed, 25 Jun 2025 18:10:00 +0500 https://e-history.kz/en/news/show/50000321 During my one-year research internship at George Washington University in the United States during 2023-2004 years, I studied the topic «Data on Kazakhs in American Archives.» As a result, I discovered a large number of records related to the Kazakh people. Mon, 16 Jun 2025 16:18:00 +0500 https://e-history.kz/en/news/show/50000316 The spiritual heritage of the Kazakh people is immense. Among this rich legacy, the most treasured are the fairy tales. Passed down through generations, they reflect our people’s way of life, traditions, worldview, and dreams. Fairy tales are not merely entertaining stories for children – they are profound works that convey the nation’s moral values and guiding principles. Fri, 13 Jun 2025 17:33:00 +0500 https://e-history.kz/en/news/show/340207 Recently, Republic Day was celebrated in the country. All people are celebrating this national holiday this year. But there is still little information about its importance and history. This still required extensive research. In this regard, we learned about the holiday from Doctor of Political Sciences, Professor, Chief Researcher of the Institute of History and Ethnology named after Sh. Ualikhanov, Sayyn Moldagaliuly Borbasov and scientist Sultan Khan Akkululy. Wed, 30 Oct 2024 16:31:00 +0500 https://e-history.kz/en/news/show/340205 The 1999 population census, Kazakhstan is a multi-ethnic country that is home to 130 nationalities living in mutual friendship and cooperation. There are various reasons for this, they are historical, social and political reasons. Wed, 30 Oct 2024 15:33:00 +0500 https://e-history.kz/en/news/show/340154 Makhambet Otemisuly (1804-1846) is one of the great figures in Kazakh history, a prominent poet, warrior, and political leader. He was a key figure and ideologist of the 1836-1838 uprising led by Isatay Taymanuly. His poetry reflects the people's desire for freedom and their fight against injustice. Makhambet’s creative legacy and political activity have become significant subjects of study in Kazakh history and literature. Mon, 30 Sep 2024 12:57:00 +0500 https://e-history.kz/en/news/show/340142 Mon, 23 Sep 2024 13:37:00 +0500 https://e-history.kz/en/news/show/340128 Baku, Azerbaijan, 11 September 2024 - The third Turkic World Common Alphabet Commission meeting, organized by the International Turkic Academy and the Turkic Language Institute on 9-11 September 2024, successfully completed its work. Wed, 11 Sep 2024 14:40:00 +0500 https://e-history.kz/en/news/show/340104 In Central Asia, situated between the Amu Darya and Syr Darya rivers, and flanked by the Aral Sea and the western Tien Shan ranges, lies the vast Kyzylkum Desert—one of the largest deserts in the world. By the late 1930s, it spanned over 325,000 square kilometers. Prior to this era, the desert attracted minimal attention from researchers and little interest in its economic potential. Consequently, it remained one of the least explored regions in Central Asia, largely due to misconceptions about its nature. Mon, 26 Aug 2024 16:00:00 +0500 https://e-history.kz/en/news/show/340055 It is widely recognized that Kazakh heritage shows significant influences from Eastern civilizations. Experts in various fields often highlight the connections and similarities between Kazakh and Japanese cultures. For example, Uyama Tomohikon, a professor at Hokkaido University, has observed a notable commonality: Kazakh and Japanese infants both exhibit a unique blue-pink mark on their foreheads and waists. This article will delve into the historical aspects of Japanese culture, particularly focusing on its aristocratic elements as seen through Kazakh perspectives, extending beyond mere physical similarities. Wed, 31 Jul 2024 16:41:00 +0500 https://e-history.kz/en/news/show/339994 During the 1920s and 1930s, a number of fossil vertebrate remains were constantly found all over the territory of USSR. Abundant in both multiplicity and quantity of material, collectionsfrom thesesites attractedthe attention of paleontologists who studiedand describedthese findings. The great scientific significance of these locations was well known not onlyfor Soviet,but alsofor worldscience. Regular and systematic development of these sites required specialized organization and large funds that were achievable only with a scientific institution all-Soviet nature. That’s why this task fellprimarily on the GeologicalMuseum of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, which annually equippedpaleontological expeditions tovarious parts of the vast territory of the Union. Fri, 28 Jun 2024 16:40:00 +0500 https://e-history.kz/en/news/show/339995 The 20th century was marked by significant events. For the first time, history made it possible to cover all the events that systematically took place in Kazakh musical culture over the centuries, as if they were in the past. In the 20th century, a new direction in Kazakh music took place - the formation and development of compositional creativity of a new European tradition. This is one of the important phenomena that concentrated the novelty and important differences of this era from previous periods of national musical culture. Many works of musicology were devoted to the development of a new European tradition with our national characteristics. Currently, the relevance of the study of compositional creativity is objectively defined as a relatively holistic, independent musical-historical phenomenon, determined by the need to consider its individual period from a complex historical, theoretical and cultural point of view. Fri, 28 Jun 2024 16:40:00 +0500 https://e-history.kz/en/news/show/339914 The chronicle is a long-established oral historiographic tradition that conveys the process of the emergence of a clan, tribe, and ethnic group in the traditional Kazakh environment. This tradition, widespread among other Turkic and Mongolian peoples leading a nomadic lifestyle, can be considered as a special channel of folk culture. Because such features as convention, stereotypedness, variability, mood, cyclical process of plot development, characteristic of folklore works, are genre properties of the poetics (architectonics) of genealogy. At the same time, genealogy should be assessed as an institution. This is due to the fact that genealogy was a very effective tool for organizing and regulating multi-level, multifaceted social relations, including kinship relations, in a nomadic environment. Tue, 28 May 2024 14:30:00 +0500 https://e-history.kz/en/news/show/339888 In the 15th and 16th centuries in the west of Kazakhstan, the Nogays belonged to the association that formed a state called "Nogay Horde" in the eastern part of the Volga and the south of the Urals. At the beginning of its creation, Ediga danced. After the dissolution of the Golden Horde at the end of the fourteenth century, the Nogai Horde was formed. In the first part of the sixteenth century, they became active. As a result of internal disputes for power, starting from the second part of the 16th century, they were divided into nobles and hordes and lost their efforts. Later, the tribes belonging to them migrated en masse to the northern part of the Black Sea through the west, absorbed into the local population there, i.e. ended up with the Turks. Thu, 16 May 2024 09:55:00 +0500 https://e-history.kz/en/news/show/339557 On October 19, a round table was held at the Institute of History and Ethnology named after Sh.Sh. Ualikhanov. Round table topic: “Problems of preserving national identity in Kazakhstan: stages and historical experience.” At the meeting, one of the current topics of today was the preservation of national identity and national code in the period of globalization. Historians not only from this institution but also from other higher educational institutions in the country took part in the round table. Fri, 27 Oct 2023 16:09:00 +0500 https://e-history.kz/en/news/show/339497 The foundation on which the Sioux way of life and economy existed was the buffalo. It played an extraordinarily important role in a culture and economy that depended on this one resource to supply almost all the material needs of the society. It constituted the principal food source, but not the only one. By the nineteenth century, the Sioux possessed large horse herds, which greatly improved their economic and material prosperity and made buffalo hunting a far more efficient undertaking. They used buffalo hides to make clothing, footwear, tipi covers, and small bullboats, and the animal later became a source of income as traders sought out the hide, meat, and fur. The Sioux used the horns and bones as cooking utensils, hide scrapers, and other functions that were both practical and ceremonial. In the arid, almost treeless plains, natives and, later, pioneers used buffalo dung as fuel. The only flaw in this structure might have been the absence of greater diversity. Certainly, the Sioux hunted other animalsand willingly traded and incorporated material goods from Europeans, but the reliance on the buffalo was susceptible to overhunting and exploitation. Horses and buffaloes were valuable but vulnerable assets in the Sioux economy. Tue, 03 Oct 2023 12:15:00 +0500 https://e-history.kz/en/news/show/339488 Throughout much of the nineteenth century, population estimates for the Sioux and the Kazakhs varied considerably and were largely based on lodge or yurt counts by visitors and some government officials. For example, according to Stephen Riggs, by the 1850s, the Dakotas numbered about 25,000. Riggs did not include the Lakota in his estimate. A later approximation based on some government information not available at midcentury that included the so-called western Dakota suggested that the population was closer to 40,000. In the 1830s, Aleksei Levshin published one of the first demographic estimates about the Kazakhs. Levshin believed there were roughly 190,000 yurts in the Little Horde, 500,000 in the Middle Horde, and 100,000 in the Great Horde. Fri, 29 Sep 2023 09:38:00 +0500 https://e-history.kz/en/news/show/339483 Throughout the nineteenth century, as expansion and colonization accelerated, Russians often resorted to stereotypes and perceptions of the Kazakhs to justify their objectives in the steppe. Russia embraced an epistemological understanding of nomads and they applied that knowledge to their understanding of the Kazakhs, which led them to overgeneralize and underestimate the strength of the indigenous populations’ social, cultural, political, and economic structures. On the other side of the world, Europeans—and, subsequently, Americans—dealt with Indians from the moment of first contact and developed relatively inflexible ideas and opinions about them over the course of three centuries. The Americans and Russians adopted policies designed to supervise peoples that they deemed capable of change only when administered by force and coercion. The Americans and Russians failed to understand or appreciate that Sioux and Kazakh society, culture, and economy were in constant flux, and that the Sioux and the Kazakhs adopted and adapted to suit their needs and their sensibilities, however alien that might seem to the colonizers. One facet of the stereotypical image held by the Americans and the Russians was that the image of nomadic culture and society was that they were static cultures and societies. But in a sense, neither the Sioux nor the Kazakhs were fully nomads; agriculture, hunting and gathering, and the trappings of sedentary life were not completely alien to them. The difference between nomadic or seminomadic peoples was that they did not live in fixed abodes or in a fixed place. Sioux and Kazakh economies were generally dependent upon mobility. The Sioux lived by the hunt; the Kazakhs raised large herds of sheep, goats, camels, and horses. The Sioux were migratory hunters and the Kazakhs were pastoral nomads.“Qazaqstan Tarihy” editorial have read the Steve Sabol’s “The Touch of Civilization” and glad to introduce readers with the most interesting aspects of comparative history of two indigenous people of Eurasia and America – Kazakhs and Sioux. Wed, 27 Sep 2023 18:52:00 +0500 https://e-history.kz/en/news/show/339433 It has been noted that early Kazakh folklore followed a relatively traditional pattern and was created by aqyns whose names were lost to posterity. The authors of the old Kazakh oral art were, in the words of the contemporary Kazakh writer and critic Sabit Mukanov, "the collective of anonymous aqyns and zhyrshy who created poetry and, in the course of centuries, embellished their original variants.” Kazakh cultural life in the nineteenth century was characterized by two new phenomena: the appearance of oral poetic works, composed in the main by known aqyns, whose productions reflected a new social and national content, and, in the second half of the century, the development of a written literature and the emergence of a national intelligentsia. These new currents in Kazakh culture were stimulated by the contact of the Kazakhs with Russian culture during the period of colonization. The impact of the invader on the Kazakhs brought to the fore varying attitudes toward the new rulers. The early aqyns of the eighteenth century sang in their poetry of the resistance to the Russians and of the fight against all things Russian. These revolutionary poets acted as spiritual and political leaders of the people and incorporated their names into their poetry, leaving no doubt as to their authorship. But as it became clearer that the Kazakhs must accept foreign rule, the later oral poetry reflected more and more trends of resignation, submission, and bitterness. Somewhat later in the century, a native intelligentsia emerged and with it the first beginnings of a national written literature made their appearance. This development was encouraged by varied influences, including the effect of the Kazan Tatar mullas, teachers and traders who were particularly active in the steppes during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the new Russian educational system, and the considerable number of Russian political exiles who spent many years in the Kazakh steppes. Wed, 06 Sep 2023 09:14:00 +0500 https://e-history.kz/en/news/show/339431 In 1991, Kazakhstan achieved independence and entered the international arena. Its abundant natural resources, especially oil, have attracted foreign businesses. The country's enormous size and location between Russia and China, and its inheritance of Soviet nuclear missiles, have drawn the attention of neighboring and Western governments seeking to prevent nuclear proliferation, to develop new resources and to fend off dangers in the changed geo-strategic environment.In this context, it might seem perfectly logical for Kazakhstan, in March 1994, to hold its first elections to parliament and regional and local councils since becoming independent. Simply for the purposes of house-cleaning and electing representative organs with greater legitimacy, an election would have made sense. But new elections had already been slated for December 1994, and local observers professed bafflement when asked why Kazakhstan's Supreme Soviet was closed down in December 1993 and pre-term elections scheduled for March. Mon, 04 Sep 2023 16:37:00 +0500 https://e-history.kz/en/news/show/339422 The early history of Central Asia was replete with migrations and intermixtures of the many nomadic groups inhabiting that area, and the earliest folklore traditions of these peoples were carried from one group to another until it has become difficult to determine to which group particular traits originally belonged. In considering the oral art of the Turkic peoples of Central Asia it is necessary to make a clear distinction between the creations of the nomadic Turks, such as the Kazakhs, Kirghiz, and Turkmen, and those of the Turks who-like the Uzbeks eventually adopted a sedentary agricultural mode of life. Not only did the artistic products of the two groups diverge in subject matter, but they developed many different genres and types. Until the nineteenth century, nomadic art was composed almost entirely of oral productions, distinguished by a well-developed epic tradition. Among the sedentary Turks, however, epic folk traditions gradually lost much of their vitality, but these peoples developed a considerable treasure of written literary works at a far earlier period than did the nomads. Fri, 01 Sep 2023 16:04:00 +0500 https://e-history.kz/en/news/show/339418 The world of rugs is exciting because there is always something new to be learned or different kinds of rugs to be discovered. There are weavings which have been overlooked, have never entered commerce, and suddenly appear in the marketplace. The rugs presented here represent just such a phenomenon. Thu, 31 Aug 2023 16:37:00 +0500 https://e-history.kz/en/news/show/339288 June 28 is Media Workers’ Day in Kazakhstan. This holiday is dedicated to the adoption of the Law On the Press and Other Mass Media in 1991. We would like to congratulate all colleagues-journalists and media workers on their professional holiday and wish them to reach the heights and strive to create a developed civil society through the power of words. Thu, 29 Jun 2023 11:43:00 +0500 https://e-history.kz/en/news/show/339134 Kazakhstan of the Soviet era was rightly called the land of new buildings. The economically successful combination of mineral resources and water and energy resources put it in a prominent place among other republics of the USSR in terms of the number of facilities under construction, and in terms of capital investment per capita in the first place. According to all sources, almost 29 billion rubles of capital investments were allocated for the development of the national economy of the Kazakh CCP in the IX five - year plan-1.5 times more than in the eighth five-year plan. One-third of these funds were allocated for housing, cultural, household and communal construction, which formed the basis for the formation of cities, towns and other localities in the republic. The Qazaqstan Tarihy portal will tell you what this money was spent on. Tue, 25 Apr 2023 16:36:00 +0500 https://e-history.kz/en/news/show/339133 On April 3, the national hero Amangeldy Imanov was born. In this regard, anniversary events are planned in the republic. The National Museum of the Republic of Kazakhstan hosted the republican scientific and practical conference "Batyrdyn biik tulgasy: tarikhy, zerttelui, akikaty", dedicated to the 150th anniversary of the birth of Amangeldy Imanov. Tue, 25 Apr 2023 16:32:00 +0500 https://e-history.kz/en/news/show/339086 The problem of mobile housing back in the days of communism was one of the areas of the science of architecture. And if in relation to the city mobile housing was basically a theory, within which various concepts were developed, from real proposals to fantastic ideas, then in relation to the village it was a practice of reality. The Qazaqstan Tarihy portal found a mobile housing project for livestock breeders in the mid-1970s.Photos taken from the magazine "Architecture of the USSR" (August, 1975). Fri, 31 Mar 2023 17:03:00 +0500 https://e-history.kz/en/news/show/339076 On March 1, Kazakhstanis celebrate the Day of gratitude, in memory of the support provided by Kazakhs to the peoples deported to the Kazakh steppes. Dozens of peoples, including Jews, became victims of Stalin's totalitarianism. Israeli Ambassador to Kazakhstan Edwin Nathan Yabo Glusman thanked the Kazakh people for supporting the Jews during the war. He noted that there is no doubt that Kazakhstan has become a haven for many peoples, including Jews. The modern Jewish community of Kazakhstan, for the most part, consists of subsequent generations of those people who escaped here from the horrors of war. Kazakhstan admires and surprises with its patience, openness, and kind attitude towards everyone, both refugees and prisoners. Thanks to the Kazakh people, both children and adults found salvation here and found a second homeland. Tue, 28 Mar 2023 12:08:00 +0500 https://e-history.kz/en/news/show/339074 Nauryz, also known as the Persian New Year or the Central Asian Spring Festival, is an ancient holiday that has been celebrated for over 5,000 years in Central Asia, including Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and other countries in the region. It falls on March 21st or 22nd each year and marks the beginning of spring and the renewal of nature. Mon, 27 Mar 2023 16:26:00 +0500 https://e-history.kz/en/news/show/338903 A historical feature film “Sultan Baybars” co-produced by the Kazakh SSR and Egypt was released at the wide screen in 1989. The film told about the heavy fate of the little Turkic Kypchak, who went from the slave to the Sultan of Egypt. Mon, 28 Nov 2022 16:24:00 +0500 https://e-history.kz/en/news/show/7165 The Russian colonization of Kazakhstan began long before the official adoption of the citizenship of Russia by the Kazakhs in the seventeenth century. Thu, 01 Sep 2022 13:23:18 +0500 https://e-history.kz/en/news/show/33835 On March 20, 1908, at the meeting of the Eastern Department of the Imperial Russian Archaeological Society (I.R.A.O.), Professor Vasily Grigoriev’s dissertation was read on the labels given by the khans of the Golden Horde to the Russian clergy. Later, in November of the same year, the Russian archaeologist, orientalist, and researcher of the history and archaeology of Central Asia, Nikolai Veselovsky, published some explanations for this abstract, providing the known data with his observations. Among other significant things, the latter's work teaches a lot about the chronology of the Golden Horde, the influence of the khansha on the mobility of the metropolitans and the relationship between the Uighurs and the Golden Horde. The Editorial Board of Qazaqstan Tarihy portal collected the most interesting moments from the work of Veselovsky. Wed, 24 Aug 2022 16:01:00 +0500